In today's world, Kingdom of Kurdistan has become a topic of great importance and interest to a wide spectrum of society. From its impact on the economy, culture, politics and daily life, to its influence on health and the environment, Kingdom of Kurdistan has achieved unmatched relevance today. Over the years, the study and analysis of Kingdom of Kurdistan has evolved, allowing a greater understanding of its implications and consequences. In this article, we will explore in depth the different facets of Kingdom of Kurdistan, analyzing its effects and challenges in the contemporary world.
Kingdom of Kurdistan Keyaniya Kurdistanê شانشینی کوردستان | |||||||||
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1921–1924/1925 | |||||||||
Status | Unrecognized state | ||||||||
Capital | Sulaymaniyah | ||||||||
Common languages | Kurdish | ||||||||
Religion | Sunni Islam (Specifically Qadiriyya Sufi Order) | ||||||||
Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• Malik | Mahmud Barzanji | ||||||||
• Prime Minister | Qadir Barzanji | ||||||||
Historical era | Interwar period | ||||||||
10 August 1920 | |||||||||
• Proclaimed | September 1921 | ||||||||
24 July 1923 | |||||||||
• Disestablished | July 1924/1925 | ||||||||
3 October 1932 | |||||||||
Currency | Kurdish notes | ||||||||
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The Kingdom of Kurdistan was a short-lived Kurdish state proclaimed in the city of Sulaymaniyah following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. It lasted from September 1921 until July 1925. Officially, the territory involved was under the jurisdiction of the British Mandate of Mesopotamia.
During the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Kurds attempted to establish an independent state.
Mahmud Barzanji, the Shaykh of the Qadiriyyah order of Sufis, the most influential personality in Southern Kurdistan, was appointed governor of the former sanjak of Duhok, but rallied against the British and declared an independent Kurdistan in May 1919. He was defeated in June.
On 10 October 1921, a statement was issued in Suleymanyah, the capital of Kurdistan, to establish a Kurdish government. Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji declared himself as the King of the Kingdom of Kurdistan.
After the Treaty of Sèvres, which settled some territories, Sulaymaniya still remained under the direct control of the British High Commissioner. After the subsequent penetration of the Turkish "Özdemir" Detachment into the area, an attempt was made by the British to counter this by appointing Shaykh Mahmud governor again, in September 1922. The Shaykh revolted again, and in November declared himself King of the Kingdom of Kurdistan. Members of his cabinet included:
Barzanji was defeated by the British in July 1924, and in January 1926 the League of Nations gave the mandate over the territory back to Iraq, with the provision for special rights for Kurds. In 1930–1931, Shaykh Makhmud Barzanji made his last unsuccessful attempt.[clarification needed]
The British Royal Air Force's Iraq Command acting on behalf of the Iraqi government in Baghdad played a part in bringing the Kingdom of Kurdistan to an end.