In today's world, Southeast Papuan languages has become a topic of great relevance and interest to a wide variety of people. Both on a personal and professional level, Southeast Papuan languages has sparked a great debate and a multitude of conflicting opinions. From its origins to its current situation, Southeast Papuan languages has significantly influenced our lives, impacting various aspects of society. In this article, we will explore in depth the different dimensions and perspectives of Southeast Papuan languages, analyzing its importance and implications today.
Southeast Papuan | |
---|---|
Bird's Tail Papuan Peninsula | |
Geographic distribution | Southeastern peninsula of New Guinea |
Linguistic classification | Trans–New Guinea
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Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None |
![]() Map: The Southeast Papuan languages of New Guinea
The Southeast Papuan languages
Other Trans–New Guinea languages
Other Papuan languages
Austronesian languages
Uninhabited |
The Southeast Papuan or Papuan Peninsula ("Bird's Tail") languages are a group of half a dozen small families of Papuan languages in the "Bird's Tail" (southeastern peninsula) of New Guinea that are part of the Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum.
They have in common ya for 'you' (plural) instead of proto-TNG *gi.
Usher (2020) reconstructs the pronouns as:
Owen Stanley | Meneao (Dagan) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
sg | pl | sg | pl | |
1 | *na | ? | *n | *nu |
2 | *ga | *ja | *g | *j |
3 | *e (?) | *ie (?) | *me | *mV |
The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database and Usher (2020).
family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t); *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti ; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu |
Goilalan | Fuyug | hul ha; ondobe | are; hul haluma | gadolo | hul li; im | hul hunga; unge | hul usi | hul asese | soga | tana | hude | hul hoda; ode | hul duda |
Goilalan | Tauade | kɔrɔtɔ | awutu | kepapaí | tavai | ki:tʰ | nɔtɔvai | aivi | lɔ'vai | il'iví | keniví | kɔtipai | data |
Greater Binanderean | Proto-Binandere | *ciro; *giti | *tu | *dibe; *diti | *di | *VwVwV | *ju; *or{a,o}rә | *bobo; *wetu | *tamә | *ami | |||
Koiarian | Proto-Koiarian | *fómo | *ni | *uri | *taɣo | *vata | *amu | ||||||
Kwalean | Proto-Kwalean (Ross) | *iku(va) | *(u)bu(i)vi(ma) | *ʒaʒore | *vono(ne); *wano(ne) | *ruu | *esi(ne) | *ahiri | *n(a)u(ne) | ||||
Kwalean | Proto-Humene-Uare (Usher) | *igu | *ubuma | *jajɔɾɛ | *ɣɔnɔnɛ | *majanɛ | *ɔda | *ɾɔo̝ | *e̝tinɛ | *ahe̝ɾe̝ | *nuunɛ | ||
Manubaran | Proto-Manubaran (Ross) | *ada | *weʔia | *ane-ma | *ne(u) | *uru-ma | *gade | *afie | *u-ka | *nena | *roʔ(o,a) | ||
Manubaran | Proto-Mount Brown (Usher) | *ada | *uea | *anema | *ne | *uɾuma | *gade | *apie | *daweʔa | *nena | *ɾoʔo | *sisu | |
Yareban | Proto-Musa River | *bo-tai | *idi | *ome | *nai-tai | *iboʔo | *nio | *meana | *buɾi | *iwa | *tai | *ope | *ama |
Mailuan | Mailu (Ilai dialect) | ilolo | liʔimu | ʔope | ini | durumu | maʔa | goba | ʔau | lala | kisa | ʔopi | ama |
Dagan | Daga | iwa | igumewa | darinewa | yamewa | ginewa | nodonewa | mɛriwa | dɛnip | kaemewa | ɛpiwa | amewa |
family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *niman | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *ni; *yak; *yaka; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *muna | |||
Goilalan | Fuyug | hi | ho; oi | ovo | Nemba; nembe | hulombo | i'i | evuli | hama | ʒu | oki | zo | enamba; inambe |
Goilalan | Tauade | dautʰ | kɔveřa | pɔřu | kide | mutuwu | eata | vatava | ɔne | ipi | e'na·m | evi'ti | bɔřiƀařa |
Greater Binanderean | Proto-Binandere | *sinә | *pu | *munju | *i | *iji; *waeko | *inua | *awo | *g{o,e}mb{a,i}(ro) | *begata; *esa; *ndai | |||
Koiarian | Proto-Koiarian | *ʔumu | *ugu | *uni | *idí | *vené | *muni | ||||||
Kwalean | Proto-Kwalean (Ross) | *(n)omo(ne) | *ɣuni | *aba | *teboare | *ma(va) | *mada | *bato | *vou; *wara | *ire | *hadi | ||
Kwalean | Proto-Humene-Uare (Usher) | *nɔmɔnɛ | *ɣo̝ni | *aba | *ne̝ni; *tbɾ | *maɣa | *maˈda | *batɔ | *wɔu | *iɾɛ | *hadi | *e̝bi | |
Manubaran | Proto-Manubaran (Ross) | *gue | *auna | *Dona | *erena | *une-ma | *yabo | *maida(ka) | *e(y)oʔa; *mohe- (?) | *koru | *ita | ||
Manubaran | Proto-Mount Brown (Usher) | *gue | *auna | *dona | *eɾena | *unema | *jabo | *medaʔa | *ejoʔa | *koɾu | *ita | *waʔiga | *ida |
Yareban | Proto-Musa River | *uʔa | *kua | *boɾo | *gasiɾa; *ada | *baka; *uɾimi | *ana | *eweaka | *maɾabe; *sakaɾa | *adua | *inaʔa | *oma; *gebiɾo | *daʔaba |
Mailuan | Mailu (Ilai dialect) | tuma | dari | talae | manu | muruʔu | ana | nina | dovele | ʔaʔama | eu | gomana | laea |
Dagan | Daga | kuisin | eao | tuan | nɛnip | bagua | oma | oam | siragam | kaum | om |
family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- | *ta(l,t)(a,e) | |
Goilalan | Fuyug | A'a; an | Amu; amuri | ifa | huni nene | fida | ʒuvalo |
Goilalan | Tauade | baře | iva | ape'te | ɔmei nai | kɔne | kupal'iai |
Greater Binanderean | Proto-Binandere | *embә | *bam{u,o}nә | *jajo; *jawә | *ind-; *mind- | *daba | |
Koiarian | Proto-Koiarian | *maɣina | *ifí | *i- | *(i,o)gau | ||
Kwalean | Proto-Kwalean (Ross) | *vaʒe | *no'ɣone | *ni | *anE- | *teba | *aheu |
Kwalean | Proto-Humene-Uare (Usher) | *wajɛ | *nɔgɔnɛ | *ni | *an- | *te̝bɔ | *ahɛu |
Manubaran | Proto-Manubaran (Ross) | *amie | *roka | *iri- | *yokohi | *(ye)(ka)ma | |
Manubaran | Proto-Mount Brown (Usher) | *amie | *ɾema | *ɾoka | *iɾi- | *jokohi | *ema |
Yareban | Proto-Musa River | *eme | *aweta | *ibi | *it- | *demu | |
Mailuan | Mailu (Ilai dialect) | egi | avesa | omu | isiisi | ʔomu | ʔava |
Dagan | Daga | apan | oaen | yaoa | naiwan | daiton | dɛrɛ |